This module dives into the technical fundamentals of digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs), with a focus on understanding how they actually work rather than how to operate any specific instrument.

Key concepts covered include:

• Cursors and their use for measuring time, voltage, frequency, and duty cycle
• How DSOs reconstruct signals through digital sampling and why they are never truly "live"
• Sample rate: what it means, how time-per-division affects it, and how to calculate it
• Min/max and peak detect modes and how they compensate for sample rate limitations
• How DSO sample rates step down in powers of 2 and why this matters
• Sample interval and the consequences of missing events between samples
• A sample rate calculator tool available on the Automotive Nerd website
• Vertical resolution: what bit depth means, how it affects waveform detail, and why 12-bit is considered the sweet spot for automotive use

The module wraps up by transitioning into a live demo segment where these concepts are illustrated graphically.